The en dash is slightly wider than the hyphen (-) but narrower than the em dash (—). Although the typical keyboard lacks a dedicated key for the en dash, most word processors have a way to insert it.
1. Span or Range of Numbers
The en dash is used to represent a span or range of numbers, dates, or times. There should be no space between the en dash and the adjacent material. Depending on the context, the en dash is read as “to” or “through.”
Examples:
- The tournament will run from May 10–May 15.
- The book covers topics from chapters 3–5.
- The meeting is scheduled for 2:00 p.m.–3:30 p.m.
Note: When using words such as “from” or “between” to introduce a range, do not use the en dash.
Correct:
- The event is from 2020 to 2022.
Incorrect:
- The event is from 2020–2022.
Correct:
- The research was conducted between 2015 and 2018.
Incorrect:
- The research was conducted between 2015–2018.
2. Scores
The en dash is used to report scores or results of contests.
Examples:
- The final score was 3–2 in favor of the home team.
- The debate ended in a tie, with both teams receiving 100–100.
3. Conflict or Connection
The en dash can also be used between words to represent conflict, connection, or direction.
Examples:
- The east–west corridor is vital for trade.
- The author explores the urban–rural divide in his latest book.
4. Compound Adjectives
When a compound adjective includes an element that is an open compound or hyphenated compound, some writers choose to use an en dash instead of a hyphen. This choice is more about aesthetics than strict grammar.
Hyphen:
- She is a best-selling author.
En Dash:
- She is a New York Times–bestselling author.
Hyphen:
- The post-war agreement was successful.
En Dash:
- The post–World War II agreement was successful.
Hyphen:
- They are world-renowned experts.
En Dash:
- They are internationally–recognized experts.
Common Mistakes to Avoid
- Using the En Dash Instead of “to” or “and”
Incorrect:
- The event occurs between 10–12 a.m.
Correct:
- The event occurs between 10 and 12 a.m.
- Confusing with Hyphen or Em Dash
Incorrect:
- The north-south route was congested.
Correct:
- The north–south route was congested.